《美利堅合眾國憲法》第五修正案(英語:Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution)簡稱「第五修正案」(Amendment V),是美国权利法案的一部分,主要目的是以法定程序来防止政府权力的滥用。修正案的相应表述来源于英国普通法并可追溯至1215年的《大宪章》。如其中大陪审团和正当程序的表述(在第十四修正案中也有同样的措辞)均来源于《大宪章》。
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No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
「I plead the Fifth」是美國日常生活的用語之一,其中,plead是申辯的意思。而「the Fifth」指的是美國憲法第五修正案(the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution),也是權利法案的其中一部份。 該憲法修正條款可以保證當事人在法庭上不得被迫做出不利於己的證詞。且法官和陪審團也不得因當事人引用第五修正案而假定被告是有罪或清白的,此條款也可以保證被告不會遭到「一罪二罰」的不公平待遇。大意就是「對於問題我有權利可以不說,也可以不回答,你也拿我沒轍」「就算我引用了這個條款,也不代表我承認我有罪。」而一罪二罰的用法舉例如下:如果你犯的罪同時觸犯刑罰和行政罰,例如酒駕且酒測值大於0.25,此時只會依刑法的「危態駕駛罪」給予處罰,而不會依道路交通管理處罰條例給予罰鍰。所以「I plead the Fifth」就代表「我拒絕回答」。同樣也可以用「Take the Fifth」,是一樣的意思。要注意此處的「Fifth」這個字,其開頭一定要大寫,因為這是「Fifth Amendment」的縮寫。
康乃尔大学法学院. Bill of Rights from Cornell University Law School. [2010-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2009-12-01).
见1974年美国诉卡拉达案(United States v. Calandra,414(英语:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 414)U.S. 338 (1974))
见乌尔塔多诉加利福尼亚州案(英语:Hurtado v. California),110(英语:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 110)U.S. 517 (1884)
Harper, Timothy. The Complete Idiot's Guide to the U.S. Constitution. Penguin Group. 2007-10-02: 109. ISBN 9781592576272. However, the Fifth Amendment contains several other important provisions for protecting your rights. It is the source of the double jeopardy doctrine, which prevents authorities from trying a person twice for the same crime…
北卡罗莱纳州诉皮尔斯案(英语:North Carolina v. Pearce),395 U.S. 711 (1969).
"米兰达法則"与美国宪法修正案 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2009-01-07.
延伸阅读
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Amar, Akhil Reed; Lettow, Renée B. Fifth Amendment First Principles: The Self-Incrimination Clause. 密歇根法律评论(英语:Michigan Law Review) (密歇根法律评论出版社). 1995, 93 (5): 857–928. JSTOR 1289986. doi:10.2307/1289986.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
Davies, Thomas Y. Farther and Farther From the Original Fifth Amendment (PDF). Tennessee Law Review. 2003, (70): 987–1045 [2013-03-30]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-06-12).
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